To expand on this, the way the amount of power is regulated is this:
It turns the full supply on for a moment, then off, then on, etc. This is "smoothed" by a capacitor, which is a component that takes a charge fast and releases it slowly, so it is averaged. The amount of time it is on/off is called the duty cicle.
USB provides 5 volts. At half duty, that becomes 2.5 volts.
The way a battery is charged, is you feed it a small voltage over the one it is currently at, until it reaches the maximum allowed by the battery chemistry (3.7 volts for lithium-ion, IIRC), or it won't go up (battery is near end of life, lower charge). Sometimes you keep it a bit under that to achieve higher battery longevity (full charge damages it ever so slightly). You also feed it a low amperage, as using a high one will degrade the battery. At lower temperatures you can use more amperage.
Fast charge in modern phones is achieved by feeding high amperage to the battery in a controlled manner, monitoring the temperature, and shutting it off until it cools. A problem arises, and it is that wires will take so much amperage until they act like a resistance and become hot. Thicker wires take more amperage.
Since Watts=Voltage*Amperage, and you can user higher voltages on the same wire without heat, "fast" chargers will, on request, provide more voltage, say 9 volts (fairly common).
Now, imagine you feed that battery 9 volts, full duty cycle (always on) and disregard the temperature.
This can happen easily without sabotage because the charge controller crashes, or because the temperature sensor fails in a way that makes it seem like the battery is cold.
Also, if you short-circuit a battery, the wires going from one terminal to the other will act like a resistance, and you will be drawing as much power as the battery can provide (which will cause it to heat, since that is way over spec for more than short periods without cooldown).